You can reload every weapon in your arsenal at once by buying ammo from Two Hat Jack. This costs a trivial amount of Overcharge. Alternatively, black ammunition boxes can appear as drops from dead enemies, or can be found inside red Murica Munitions crates that are scattered throughout Sunset City.
The type of ammunition found in a black box is randomly determined when it spawns, and the amount of ammo you get by picking up a black box is a fixed amount determined by the weapon itself. This is indicated by the Ammo Pickup stat in the weapon breakdowns in this section.